Human life is accompanied by light every day, and architecture and the city are closely related to light. The Chinese lanterns shine in the world, the glory shines on the capital, and the 50th anniversary of the new China, the night scene of the city attracts millions of people, showing the great artistic appeal of light, and inspiring the architects and urban planners to create the impulse of night lighting. Light is the source of life, light is the element of human settlements, creating bright and comfortable buildings and cities for human habitation. The beautiful light environment is the unshirkable responsibility of architects and planners.
First, the light of human survival, the survival of mankind is inseparable from the cultivation of the sun
Light stimulates vision, allowing us to see and perceive the surrounding environment, thereby gaining 80% of the outside world.
The natural light changes over and over again to control the human body clock, keeping our life rhythm balanced.
Sunlight produces vitamins and many of the so-called unknown nutrients that keep our bodies healthy and healthy.
Light, bright, cheerful, active light and invigorating spirit make us psychologically satisfied.
When the sun sets and the night falls, people still have nostalgia for the light brought by the sun. From the ancient times, the fire was drilled, the caves were lit, the grass sheds, and the high-rise buildings in modern cities were brilliantly lit. Humans have been pursuing the use of artificial light sources to continue their own lives. Time for activities to expand the space for your activities. At present, the world consumes 2 trillion KW.h of electricity per year (equivalent to the power generation of 24 Three Gorges power stations) for artificial lighting. The production of this power will discharge more than one billion tons of VICO2 and more than 10 million tons of SO2. Electric lighting, while benefiting human beings, also consumes a lot of energy and causes serious pollution to human living environment.
Second, architecture, city and light
1. Light and architecture and city symbiosis From the beginning of the first year (125 years) on the roof of the Roman Pantheon, the simple round hole (8.9 meters in diameter) to the end of the 20th century (1999) Berlin's parliament building with grand mirror and crystal glass construction The Scorpio (40 meters in diameter); from the ancient times until the 19th century, the faint candlelights to the night city where the lights are everywhere, looking back at the historical process of urban and architectural development, we can clearly see the light technology and light culture With the simultaneous development of cities and buildings, we can also see how important technological advances in lighting and lighting have had on urban and architectural features and modern urban life.
2. 20th century lighting technology has achieved outstanding achievements The achievements of lighting technology in the 20th century mainly include the following three aspects:
First, a lot of research on the evaluation of light environment quality has laid a scientific foundation for modern lighting design. There are:
1 Experimental study of visual effects A visual effect refers to the speed and precision of visual work performed under certain lighting conditions. In order to achieve good results, it is necessary to provide a corresponding level of illumination. This study determined the correlation between different visual work characteristics (object size, contrast between diagonal and background brightness, length of observation, etc.) and its required illumination level, and found a scientific basis for the development of reasonable lighting standards.
2 Research on glare effect A glare is like an environment pollution. Slight glare makes the vision uncomfortable, and in other cases reduces visibility and even damages vision. The focus of this research is to propose methods for predicting glare and to develop measures to prevent glare.
3 Research on the influence of light color hobbies and color rendering of a light source A modern lighting technology can produce different light colors (cold, warm and neutral) to meet the needs of various environments. Studying the differences in light and color hobbies among people from different regions, different nationalities and different cultural backgrounds is of guiding significance for achieving higher psychological satisfaction in the light environment and creating a suitable light atmosphere. The difference between the color rendering performance of the electric light source and the natural light is due to the difference in the color rendering performance of the electric light source from the daylight. This difference in gas discharge lamps is particularly pronounced. While striving to improve the color rendering performance of electric light sources, the influence of color "distortion" caused by poor color rendering of light sources on visual senses is of great value to lighting design.
Based on the above research results, countries around the world have proposed various quantitative indicators to evaluate the quality of lighting, and have developed and gradually improved the standards, regulations or recommendations for lighting design. The "Interior Work Lighting Standards (Draft)" recently developed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) proposes a unified illumination (E), uniform glare level (UGR) and general color rendering index (Ra). As the basis of lighting design, indicators make the lighting design more scientific and standardized.
Second, in creating a natural light environment:
1 Developed advanced design tools for various model experiments and computer simulations, which can accurately predict the illumination level of natural daylight, and can realistically and subtly simulate the shape effect of buildings under skylight and sunlight.
2 Produce a variety of light-transmitting materials that integrate light collection, heat and excellent performance, and master complex processing and installation techniques. The 40m diameter and 23.5m high glass dome of the Berlin Parliament Building, completed in 1999, is a masterpiece of modern daylighting technology. In order to introduce light into the lower parliament hall, an inverted cone consisting of 360 mirrors of nearly 20 m height was placed in the center of the dome, and each mirror was carefully adjusted over the angle during construction.
3 Invented the light pipe system that delivers natural light to the ground and to any area where natural light is insufficient.
4Using electronic technology and sophisticated mechanism to automatically control indoor natural light and adjust the distribution of light.
Third, outstanding achievements:
1 Popularization and improvement of gas discharge lamps: In 1939, fluorescent lamps were invented. In the late 1960s, high-pressure sodium lamps and metal halide lamps (the latter two are collectively referred to as high-intensity discharge lamps, namely HID lamps). They emit light by means of gas discharge, which is a second-generation light source completely different from the incandescent lamp of thermal radiation source, and its light efficiency and life are much better than incandescent lamps. Since the mid-1970s, due to the emphasis on lighting energy conservation, the production of gas discharge lamps has proliferated and rapidly spread. At the same time, the quality of the lamps has been significantly improved, and the variety specifications have become increasingly abundant and complete. Take fluorescent lamps as an example. The application of trichromatic phosphors, the popularity of compact low-power fluorescent lamps and the replacement of 26mm and 38mm diameter old lamps with 28W16mm diameter thin-tube fluorescent lamps, which greatly improve the quality of fluorescent lamps, wider application range and more economical lamp materials. The light effect has also been further improved.
2 The invention and application of the third generation light source After the 1990, the third generation light source such as induction lamp (QL lamp), sulfur lamp, microwave lamp and light emitting diode has gradually entered the market from the laboratory and realized commercialization. The luminescence mechanism of these lamps has been completely innovated, with longer life and higher luminous efficiency, which will revolutionize the way of illumination in the future.
3 Electronic technology applied to lighting devices, intelligent lighting control and lighting design, greatly saving energy, expanding the flexibility, mobility and diversity of lighting. After optimized combination, the lighting is more rationally applied, and the lighting design is more Convenient, precise and image.
4 Urban public lighting and landscape lighting are expanding and perfecting, and architectural lighting techniques are constantly innovating. Such as reflective lighting (indirect lighting) fiber lighting, light pipe lighting, color changing lighting, laser lighting, etc., the lighting form is colorful.
3. Light has important functions and artistic value for buildings and cities. Good lighting improves the functional and environmental quality of buildings, enhances visual effects, enhances display effects, creates an environmental atmosphere, adapts to individual needs, and ensures personal and property safety.
Light to the city to invigorate the city, ensure the smooth flow of vehicles at night, pedestrian safety, expand the night time and space of urban nightlife, enrich the outdoor cultural and recreational activities of urban residents, promote business prosperity, display the historical and cultural features of the city, and attract tourism.
Light is the soul of architectural art
Light shaping image: the image of matter can only be visually perceived by light (the amount of light, the nature and direction of light) can enhance the three-dimensional sense of architectural shape and enhance the artistic effect. Otherwise, the image is dull or distort.
Light construction space, the difference between light and dark naturally forms the psychological suggestion of different spatial divisions indoors and outdoors. The subtle strengths and weaknesses of light create a layered sense of space.
Light rendering atmosphere: sunny day, rain and rain, thunder and lightning bring us different moods, which light plays an important role. The atmosphere of light rendering has a decisive influence on the psychological state of people and the artistic appeal of the light environment.
Highlight the key point: without focus, there will be no art and it will fall into mediocrity. The contrast between light and darkness of the enhanced light can be achieved by the artistic image or details of the expression, forming an eye-catching visual center. Extremely high contrasts can also produce dramatic artistic effects that are exciting.
Light color: artificial light source with good color rendering can realize the environment like natural light, colorful colors of people and things; lamps with poor color rendering cause color variation and loss of environmental color. Colored lights give emotional awareness to the light environment, making some colors louder, but also distorting some colors.
Light decoration environment: the pattern of light and shadow weaving, the brilliant radiance produced by the reflective material and the refracted light, the rhythmic dynamic change of light, the beautiful shape of the lamp is a precious element of the decorative environment, and the fascinating artistic focus.
Third, the construction and development of the light environment
With the vigorous development of the national economy, urban landscape lighting and architectural lighting have gradually received the attention of the Chinese people in recent years. Many cities have implemented “urban lighting†or “lighting projects†in combination with environmental remediation and major celebrations. Urban residents are also paying attention to the lighting of their own homes. According to our investigation, from 1986 to 1996, the number of lamps installed in each household increased from 6.5 to 14, and the lighting capacity increased from 165W to 500W. The illumination of the living room was less than half of the original 30lX, and now more than half of the 75lX The lighting of the kitchen and bathroom is generally reduced from 10lX to 401X. This fully reflects the general desire of people to pursue health and quality of life.
China's lighting project has made great progress in the past 10 years. The production of lighting equipment (light sources, lamps and lighting appliances) is among the highest in the world. The annual output of various types of light sources has now reached 6 billion, and the annual output of lamps is 2 billion. The export value of lighting equipment has increased by more than 40% annually, reaching US$2.8 billion in 1999. National lighting power consumption is expected to reach 120 billion kw.h in 2000.
A sequence of lighting product standards and lighting design standards has been established. Product standards are basically aligned with international standards. There is still a big gap between lighting design standards and developed countries. The prescribed illuminance level is about 1/3-1/2 of the similar level in developed countries. In fact, it has not adapted to the pace of economic development and needs to be revised. In order to save lighting energy and reduce environmental pollution, the “China Green Lighting Project†led by the State Economic and Trade Commission is being implemented smoothly.
The unprecedented planning and huge development space of China's urban and architectural lighting projects has attracted many world-famous lighting companies and manufacturers to enter the Chinese market, such as Philips in the Netherlands, General Electric Lighting (GE) in the United States, and Thorne Lighting in the United Kingdom. Thorn), Osrarn, Germany, Matsushita Electric Works, etc. They bring advanced lighting products and production technology, and also spread Western design concepts and engineering experience, so that our lighting engineering can gradually be in line with international standards.
Although China's lighting industry is booming, the product market is booming, and engineering projects are continuous, there are still many unsatisfactory and restrictive developments in the current light environment. For example, the output of lighting products ranks among the top in the world, and the export volume is not small. However, the grades of products are not high, the quality is not good, and the research on lighting theory and application is almost at a standstill; the waste of lighting energy and the phenomenon of light pollution are also worrying.
In terms of lighting design, professional lighting design teams and institutions have yet to be cultivated. The situation in which the lighting design is solely dependent on the electrical engineer or lighting equipment supplier or the decoration company should be changed. According to foreign experience, major lighting projects, especially landscape and decorative lighting projects, are mostly architects with lighting expertise. The artist has completed the project, starting from the conception and implementing the whole process of urban design and architectural design. At present, China's architects and planners lack sufficient lighting expertise, especially the lack of awareness and initiative to participate in the design of light environment. Therefore, there are few design flaws in the actual lighting project.
4. Calling architects to pay attention to the design of light environment
Light is a language that tells us about architects' design ideas and artistic pursuits; light is invisible software, control is the functioning of cities and buildings, and the appearance of images and colors; light is a design tool, also a building material, architecture Teachers can use it to compose ideals and show their talents. Others said: "Light is the fourth dimension of architecture", and light is another vast world beyond the three-dimensional creation of architecture.
The design of the light environment should never be limited to the level of illumination standards. It has three levels of brightness, comfort and artistic appeal, and architects can play a leading role at every level. In order to optimize their own creations, architects and planners should actively understand the light, observe the light, use the light, and actively participate in the design of the light environment, from the conception to the completion of the construction drawing, and integrate the light into their own planning and In the creation, add “color†to the city and architecture.
The cities and buildings of the new century need to be bright, pleasant, elegant, beautiful, more individual, and innovative. There is no light pollution and energy-saving living environment. The development of the times and the expectation of a high-quality living environment call for architects to pay attention to the design of light environment, bridge the gap between architectural design and lighting design, and strengthen the connection between architects, planners and lighting professionals.
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