Nuclear power plant working principle and related equipment
The basic working principle is: nuclear power plants use nuclear power to generate electricity, and the core equipment is nuclear reactors. The nuclear reactor heats the water to produce steam, which converts the nuclear fission energy into heat energy; the steam pressure drives the turbine to rotate, and the thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy; then the steam turbine drives the generator to rotate, converting the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
General schematic diagram of the working principle of nuclear power plants
Common nuclear power plants can be divided into pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, heavy water reactor nuclear power plants, boiling water reactor nuclear power plants, and fast reactor nuclear power plants according to different reactor principles. At present, China's major nuclear power plants are composed of pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants and heavy water reactor nuclear power plants.
PWR nuclear power plant
At present, more than 60% of the nuclear power plants in the world are pressurized water reactor nuclear power plants, which are mainly composed of reactors, steam generators, steam turbines, generators and related system equipment.
In nuclear power plants, the role of the reactor is to carry out nuclear fission and convert nuclear energy into heat energy of water. Water acts as a coolant to absorb the thermal energy generated by nuclear fission in the reactor, becomes high-temperature and high-pressure water and then enters the U-tube of the steam generator along the pipeline, transferring heat to the water outside the U-tube to become saturated steam.
The cooled water is then returned to the reactor by the main pump to reheat, so that it reciprocates to form a closed cycle of heat absorption and heat release. This circulation circuit is called a primary circuit, also called a nuclear steam supply system. The pressure in the primary circuit is controlled by the regulator. Since the primary equipment of the primary circuit is a nuclear reactor, the primary circuit and its auxiliary systems and plants are generally referred to as nuclear islands (NI).
The water vapor generated by the steam generator enters the expansion work of the steam turbine to convert the heat energy of the steam into the mechanical energy of the rotation of the turbine rotor. The turbine rotor is rigidly connected to the rotor of the generator rotor, so the steam turbine directly drives the generator to generate electricity and convert the mechanical energy into electrical energy.
After the completion of the work, the steam (spent steam) is discharged into the condenser, cooled by circulating cooling water (such as sea water), condensed into water, then sent to the heater for preheating by the condensate pump, and then input to the steam by the feed pump. The generator completes the closed cycle of the turbine working fluid, which we call the second loop. The circulating cooling water secondary circuit system is roughly the same as the conventional thermal power plant steam power circuit, so it is collectively referred to as the conventional island (CI).
In summary, the PWR nuclear power plant converts nuclear energy into electrical energy in four steps, which is realized by four main equipments.
(1) Reactor - the conversion of nuclear energy into heat energy of water;
(2) steam generator—transfers the heat of the high-temperature and high-pressure water of one loop to the water of the second loop to become saturated steam;
(3) Steam turbine—converts the thermal energy of saturated steam into the mechanical energy of high-speed rotation of the turbine rotor;
(4) Generator - converts the mechanical energy from the turbine into electrical energy.
Heavy water reactor nuclear power plant
A heavy water reactor is a reactor that uses a heavy water (a compound composed of helium and oxygen) as a moderator, and its working principle is similar to that of a pressurized water reactor. The main advantage is that natural uranium can be directly used as nuclear fuel, and non-stop fuel is used at the same time; but the volume is larger than that of light water reactor, the construction cost is high, the heavy water is expensive, and the power generation cost is relatively high.
Boiling water reactor
The boiling water reactor uses light water as the moderator and coolant. There is only one circuit, and the water boils in the reactor to generate steam directly into the steam turbine to generate electricity. Compared with pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors have low working pressure; because of the reduction of one circuit, the equipment cost is lower than that of pressurized water reactors; however, this may cause radioactive pollution of steam turbines and other equipment, which brings inconvenience to design, operation and maintenance.
Fast reactor nuclear power plant
The fast neutron reactor directly uses the energy released by the fast neutron to cause the chain fission reaction to generate electricity, so the moderator is not required, the volume is small, and the power density is large. Fast reactors can increase uranium utilization to more than 60%, minimize nuclear waste, and minimize radioactive waste. However, the fuel processing of the fast reactor and the post-treatment of spent fuel are high, and the requirements for materials are also harsh.
At 10 o'clock on July 21, 2011, China's first experimental fast reactor successfully realized grid-connected power generation.
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